This study examines the role of Indonesia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in strengthening regional governments’ foreign relations amid the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic recovery. It highlights the difficulties faced by local governments in implementing international cooperation, including limited resources, administrative barriers, political changes, and weak project …
This paper examines how paradiplomacy can be optimized to strengthen Indonesia’s economic diplomacy through the dynamic governance framework, particularly the “Think Ahead” approach. It analyses local governments’ capacities to engage in international economic cooperation by comparing regional capabilities and bilateral economic relations. The study highlights the strategic importance o…