Indonesia has enormous resources of renewable energy spreading throughout the country. As part of its commitment to Paris Agreement, Indonesia has pledged to increase its renewable energy share up to 23% in the energy mix by 2025 and up to 31% by 2050. Yet, penetration of renewables as a clean energy source in the country remains limited and fall far below the target. As challenges in devel…
This paper proposes the implementation of a Nonreciprocal Preferential Trade Scheme (NRPTS) to elevate Indonesia's engagement in the South Pacific region, where Indonesia and Pacific countries face common challenges such as rising sea levels and the pursuit of welfare through economic development. Although Indonesia's engagement and partnership have steadily grown at bilateral, regional, and gl…
This paper examines Indonesia's need to develop comprehensive diaspora management, noting that Indonesia is the eleventh largest country with approximately 4.5–8 million diaspora population worldwide (based on 2019 data from UN DESA and Indonesia Diaspora Network Global), yet lacks a comprehensive plan to manage its diaspora abroad. Case studies from India, China, and Turkey affirm that diasp…
In 2020, Indonesia introduced a digital services tax (DST) to increase state revenue by taxing multinational digital companies operating in Indonesia. However, the policy faced challenges from the United States, including potential retaliatory tariffs that could affect bilateral trade. This paper argues that the DST should be addressed through economic diplomacy, considering its broader implica…
This paper examines how the People's Republic of China (PRC) manages the Xinjiang issue through diplomatic means to protect its sovereignty, serving as a case study for Indonesia in addressing the Papua separatism issue, which also faces internationalization efforts and human rights violation allegations. Aligned with Indonesia's Diplomacy Priorities 2019–2024 (4+1 Priorities) placing soverei…
Modern diplomacy is undergoing significant changes due to digitalization, globalization, new diplomatic actors, and increasing public involvement. These developments require the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kemlu) to improve its human resource management, including recruitment, training, and career development. However, existing bureaucratic reforms have not fully addressed the chall…
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia (MoFA) has implemented gender mainstreaming policies to promote gender equality and justice in the workplace. However, systematic evaluation of these policies remains limited. This paper develops a Gender Equality Indicator (GEI) to assess workplace gender equality in areas such as education, career advancement, equal pay, representation, sexual hara…
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia (MoFA) participated in 37 National Project Priorities (NPPs) between 2018 and 2021, covering issues such as border security, citizen protection, and international cooperation. Its participation in multilateral initiatives has contributed to maintaining peace, strengthening international law, and promoting cooperation. However, implementation has not …
Globalization has increased the importance of public participation in international relations and diplomacy. Indonesia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) established a Directorate of Public Diplomacy in 2004 to engage domestic and international audiences. However, limited budgets, shifting priorities, and insufficient engagement with the domestic public have reduced the effectiveness of its…
Foreign language proficiency is essential for effective diplomacy, as diplomats must communicate and convey messages accurately in different linguistic and cultural contexts. However, many Indonesian diplomats primarily speak English, which may limit their effectiveness in non-English-speaking countries. This paper examines the language training efforts of Indonesia’s Ministry of Foreign Affa…